Spectrophotometry Techniques and Devices

Spectrophotometry Techniques and Devices I. INTRODUCTION Spectrophotometry Infrared Spectrophotometry is designed to identify or determine the sample by measuring absorption of infrared radiation of wave numbers in a region of 4,000 to 400 cm-1, at various wave numbers, when it passes through the sample. This method uses the property that the infrared absorption spectrum of a substance is Characteristic of its chemical structure. Infrared spectra are shown in charts drawn by plotting the wave numbers on the abscissa and the transmittances or absorbances on the ordinate. i. Spectrophotometer Spectrophotometry involves the use of a spectrophotometer. A spectrophotometer is a photometer (a device for measuring light intensity) that can measure intensity as a function of the color (or more specifically the wavelength) of light. Important features of spectrophotometers are spectral bandwidth and linear range of absorption measurement. Perhaps the most common application of spectrophotometers is the measurement of light absorption, but they can be designed to measure diffuse or specular reflectance. The use of spectrophotometers is not limited to studies in physics. They are also commonly used in other scientific fields such as chemistry, biochemistry, and molecular biology. [2] They are widely used in many industries including printing and forensic examination. ii. Design There are two major classes of devices: single beam and double beam. A double beam spectrophotometer compares the light intensity between two light paths, one path containing a reference sample and the other the test sample. A single beam spectrophotometer measures the relative light intensity of the beam before and after a test sample is inserted. Although comparison measurements from double beam instruments are easier and more stable, single beam instruments can have a larger dynamic range and are optically simpler and more compact. Historically, spectrophotometers use a monochromator containing a diffraction grating to produce the analytical spectrum. There are also spectrophotometers that use arrays of photosensors. Especially for infrared spectrophotometers, there are spectrophotometers that use a Fourier transform technique to acquire the spectral information quicker in a technique called Fourier Transform Infrared The spectrophotometer quantitatively compares the fraction of light that passes through a reference solution and a test solution. Light from the source lamp is passed through a monochromator, which diffracts the light into a rainbow of wavelengths and outputs narrow bandwidths of this diffracted spectrum. Discrete frequencies are transmitted through the test sample. Then the intensity of the transmitted light is measured with a photodiode or other light sensor, and the transmittance value for this wavelength is then compared with the transmission through a reference sample. In short, the sequence of events in a spectrophotometer is as follows: The light source shines into a monochromator. A particular output wavelength is selected and beamed at the sample. The sample absorbs light. Many spectrophotometers must be calibrated by a procedure known as zeroing. The absorbency of a reference substance is set as a baseline value, so the absorbencies of all other substances are recorded relative to the initial zeroed substance. The spectrophotometer then displays% absorbency (the amount of light absorbed relative to the initial substance).[2] II. UV IR SPECTROPHOTOMETRY i. Ultraviolet spectrophotometry The most common spectrophotometers are used in the UV and visible regions of the spectrum and some of these instruments also operate into the near-infrared region as well. Visible region 400-700nm spectrophotometry is used extensively in colorimetry science. Ink manufacturers, printing companies, textiles vendors, and many more, need the data provided through colorimetry. They take readings in the region of every 10-20 nanometers along the visible region, and produce a spectral reflectance curve or a data stream for alternative presentations. These curves can be used to test a new batch of colorant to check if it makes a match to specifications e.g., iso printing standards. Traditional visual region spectrophotometers cannot detect if a colorant or the base material has fluorescence. This can make it difficult to manage color issues if for example one or more of the printing inks is fluorescent. Where a colorant contains fluorescence, a bi-spectral fluorescent spectrophotometer is used. There are two major setups for visual spectrum spectrophotometers, d/8 (spherical) and 0/45. The names are due to the geometry of the light source, observer and interior of the measurement chamber. Scientists use this machine to measure the amount of compounds in a sample. If the compound is more concentrated more light will be absorbed by the sample; within small ranges, the Beer-Lambert law holds and the absorbance between samples vary with concentration linearly. In the case of printing measurements two alternative settings are commonly used- without/with UV filter to control better the effect of UV brighteners within the paper stock. Samples are usually prepared in cuvettes; depending on the region of interest, they may be constructed of glass, plastic, or quartz ii. IR spectrophotometry Spectrophotometers designed for the main infrared region are quite different because of the technical requirements of measurement in that region. One major factor is the type of photosensors that are available for different spectral regions, but infrared measurement is also challenging because virtually everything emits IR light as thermal radiation, especially at wavelengths beyond about 5ÃŽ ¼m. Another complication is that quite a few materials such as glass and plastic absorb infrared light, making it incompatible as an optical medium. Ideal optical materials are salts, which do not absorb strongly. Samples for IR spectrophotometry may be smeared between two discs of potassium bromide or ground with potassium bromide and pressed into a pellet. Where aqueous solutions are to be measured, insoluble silver chloride is used to construct the cell. III. INFRARED Infrared (IR) radiation is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 700nm and 300Â µm, which equates to a frequency range between 1THz and 430THz—a span of more than three orders of magnitude. Its wavelength is longer (and the frequency lower) than that of visible light, but the wavelength is shorter (and the frequency higher) than that of terahertz radiation microwaves. Bright sunlight provides an irradiance of about 1kilowatt per square meter at sea level. Of this energy, 527 watts is infrared light, 445 watts is visible light, and 32 watts is ultraviolet light. The infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum covers the range from roughly 300 GHz (1 mm) to 400 THz (750 nm). It can be divided into three parts: Far-infrared, from 300 GHz (1 mm) to 30 THz (10 ÃŽ ¼m). The lower part of this range may also be called microwaves. This radiation is typically absorbed by so-called rotational modes in gas-phase molecules, by molecular motions in liquids, and by phonons in solids. The water in the Earths atmosphere absorbs so strongly in this range that it renders the atmosphere effectively opaque. However, there are certain wavelength ranges (windows) within the opaque range which allow partial transmission, and can be used for astronomy. The wavelength range from approximately 200 ÃŽ ¼m up to a few mm is often referred to as sub-millimeter in astronomy, reserving far infrared for wavelengths below 200 ÃŽ ¼m. Mid-infrared, from 30 to 120 THz (10 to 2.5 ÃŽ ¼m). Hot objects (black-body radiators) can radiate strongly in this range. It is absorbed by molecular Vibrations, where the different atoms in a molecule vibrate around their equilibrium positions. This range is sometimes called the fingerprint region since the mid-infrared absorption spectrum of a compound is very specific for that compound. Near-infrared, from 120 to 400 THz (2,500 to 750 nm). Physical processes that are relevant for this range are similar to those for visible light.[4] IV. Infrared spectroscopy (IR spectroscopy) is the subset of spectroscopy that deals with the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. It covers a range of techniques, the most common being a form of absorption spectroscopy. As with all spectroscopic techniques, it can be used to identify compounds or investigate sample composition. Infrared spectroscopy correlation tables are tabulated in the literature. A common laboratory instrument that uses this technique is an infrared spectrophotometer. i. Background and theory The infrared portion of the electromagnetic spectrum is divided into three regions; the near-, mid- and far- infrared, named for their relation to the visible spectrum. The far-infrared, approximately 400-10cm−1 (1000-30ÃŽ ¼m), lying adjacent to the microwave region, has low energy and may be used for rotational spectroscopy. The mid-infrared, approximately 4000-400cm−1 (30-2.5ÃŽ ¼m) may be used to study the fundamental vibrations and associated rotational-vibrational structure. The higher energy near-IR, approximately 14000-4000cm−1 (2.5-0.8ÃŽ ¼m) can excite overtone or harmonic vibrations. The names and classifications of these subregions are merely conventions. They are neither strict divisions nor based on exact molecular or electromagnetic properties. Infrared spectroscopy exploits the fact that molecules have specific frequencies at which they rotate or vibrate corresponding to discrete energy levels (vibrational modes). These resonant frequencies are determined by the shape of the molecular potential energy surfaces, the masses of the atoms and, by the associated vibronic coupling. In order for a vibrational mode in a molecule to be IR active, it must be associated with changes in the permanent dipole. In particular, in the Born-Oppenheimer and harmonic approximations, i.e. when the molecular Hamiltonian corresponding to the electronic ground state can be approximated by a harmonic oscillator in the neighborhood of the equilibrium molecular geometry, the resonant frequencies are determined by the normal modes corresponding to the molecular electronic ground state potential energy surface. Nevertheless, the resonant frequencies can be in a first approach related to the strength of the bond, and the mass of the atoms at either end of it. Thus, the frequency of the vibrations can be associated with a particular bond type. Simple diatomic molecules have only one bond, which may stretch. More complex molecules have many bonds, and vibrations can be conjugated, leading to infrared absorptions at characteristic frequencies that may be related to chemical groups. For example, the atoms in a CH2 group, commonly found in organic compounds can vibrate in six different ways: symmetrical and antisymmetrical stretching, scissoring, rocking, wagging and twisting: The infrared spectrum of a sample is collected by passing a beam of infrared light through the sample. Examination of the transmitted light reveals how much energy was absorbed at each wavelength. This can be done with a monochromatic beam, which changes in wavelength over time, or by using a Fourier transform instrument to measure all wavelengths at once. From this, a transmittance or absorbance spectrum can be produced, showing at which IR wavelengths the sample absorbs. Analysis of these absorption characteristics reveals details about the molecular structure of the sample. When the frequency of the IR is the same as the vibrational frequency of a bond, absorption occurs. This technique works almost exclusively on samples with covalent bonds. Simple spectra are obtained from samples with few IR active bonds and high levels of purity. More complex molecular structures lead to more absorption bands and more complex spectra. The technique has been used for the characterization of very complex mixtures. ii. Adjustment and Instrument Use a dispersive infrared spectrophotometer or a Fourier-transform infrared spectrophotometer. Before using the infrared spectrophotometer, adjust it as specified in the operating manual. The linearity of the absorbance between 20% and 80% of transmittance (%) should be within 1%. The reproducibility of the transmittance should be within 0.5% in two consecutive measurements. The reproducibility of wave number should be within 5 cm-1 at about 3,000 cm-1 and within 1 cm-1 at About 1,000 cm-1. In addition, adjust the instrument so that a spectrum exhibits absorptions at the wave numbers as indicated in the following figure when measurement is made on a polystyrene film (about 0.03 mm thick).[5] iii. Preparation of Sample According to an appropriate one of the methods below,Prepare the sample so that the transmittance of the most intense absorption bands should be within a range of 20 to 80%. For the optic plate, use sodium chloride, potassium bromide, or thallium iodide bromide. Potassium Bromide Disk Method Place 1 to 2 mg of a solid sample and 100 to 200 mg of dried potassium bromide for infrared spectrophotometry into an Agate mortar, quickly reduce to fine particles protecting from moisture, mix Completely, and transfer into a die. Press the surface of the disk at 500 to 1,000 N/cm2 under reduced pressure of not more than 0.7 kPa for 5 to 8 minutes, and use this disk for the measurement. Solution Method Prepare a solution of the solid or liquid sample in the Specified solvent, inject the solution into a fixed cell for liquid, and use this cell for the measurement. Place the similar cell containing the same solvent for the Compensation beam. The thickness of the fixed cell is generally 0.1 mm or 0.5 mm. Paste Method Crush finely a solid sample and knead well with liquid Paraffin in the mortar. Hold the paste between two optic plates without any air gap, and measure. Liquid Film Method Hold 1 to 2 drops of liquid sample as a capillary film Held between two optic plates, and measure the liquid layer between the plates. If it is necessary to thicken the liquid layer, place rings of aluminum foil or a similar material between the two optic plates so that the liquid sample lies between the plates. Thin Film Method Dissolve the sample in the specified solvent, and apply it to one optic plate. Evaporate the solvent by drying with hot air, and measure the thin film adhered on the plate. If the sample is a film with a thickness of not more than 0.02 mm, measure the film just as it is. Gas Sample Measurement Put the sample gas in a gas cell with a light Path of 5 to 10 cm in length, previously evacuated, under pressure specified in the individual monograph, and measure. A long cell with the light path of not shorter than 1 m is also used if necessary. iv. Conventional method A beam of infrared light is produced and split into two separate beams. One is passed through the sample, the other passed through a reference which is often the substance the sample is dissolved in. The beams are both reflected back towards a detector, however first they pass through a splitter which quickly alternates which of the two beams enters the detector. The two signals are then compared and a printout is obtained. A reference is used for two reasons: This prevents fluctuations in the output of the source affecting the data This allows the effects of the solvent to be cancelled out (the reference is usually a pure form of the solvent the sample is in) v. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a measurement technique for collecting infrared spectra. Instead of recording the amount of energy absorbed when the frequency of the infra-red light is varied (monochromator), the IR light is guided through an interferometer. After passing through the sample, the measured signal is the interferogram. Performing a Fourier transform on this signal data results in a spectrum identical to that from conventional (dispersive) infrared spectroscopy. FTIR spectrometers are cheaper than conventional spectrometers because building an interferometer is easier than the fabrication of a monochromator. In addition, measurement of a single spectrum is faster for the FTIR technique because the information at all frequencies is collected simultaneously. This allows multiple samples to be collected and averaged together resulting in an improvement in sensitivity. Virtually all modern infrared spectrometers are FTIR instruments. Summary of absorptions of bonds in organic molecules vi. Uses and applications Infrared spectroscopy is widely used in both research and industry as a simple and reliable technique for measurement, quality control and dynamic measurement. It is of especial use in forensic analysis in both criminal and civil cases, enabling identification of polymer degradation for example. It is perhaps the most widely used method of applied spectroscopy.[citation needed] The instruments are now small, and can be transported, even for use in field trials. With increasing technology in computer filtering and manipulation of the results, samples in solution can now be measured accurately (water produces a broad absorbance across the range of interest, and thus renders the spectra unreadable without this computer treatment). Some instruments will also automatically tell you what substance is being measured from a store of thousands of reference spectra held in storage. By measuring at a specific frequency over time, changes in the character or quantity of a particular bond can be measured. This is especially useful in measuring the degree of polymerization in polymer manufacture. Modern research instruments can take infrared measurements across the whole range of interest as frequently as 32 times a second. This can be done whilst simultaneous measurements are made using other techniques. This makes the observations of chemical reactions and processes quicker and more accurate. Techniques have been developed to assess the quality of tea-leaves using infrared spectroscopy. This will mean that highly trained experts (also called noses) can be used more sparingly, at a significant cost saving. Infrared spectroscopy has been highly successful for applications in both organic and inorganic chemistry. Infrared spectroscopy has also been successfully utilized in the field of semiconductor microelectronics[8]: for example, infrared spectroscopy can be applied to semiconductors like silicon, gallium arsenide, gallium nitride, zinc selenide, amorphous silicon, silicon nitride, etc. V. USES IN ORGANIC A technique to identify materials including organic polymers. An infrared spectrometer directs infrared radiation through a sample and records the relative amount of energy absorbed by the sample as a function of the wavelength or frequency of the infrared radiation. The method is applicable particularly to organic materials, because the vibrational frequencies of the constituent groups within the molecules coincide with the electromagnetic frequencies of the infrared radiation. Therefore, the infrared radiation is selectively absorbed by the material to produce an absorption spectrum. The spectrum produced is compared with correlation spectra from known substances. VI. SPECTRORADIOMETERS Spectroradiometers, which operate almost like the visible region spectrophotometers, are designed to measure the spectral density of illuminants in order to evaluate and categorize lighting for sales by the manufacturer, or for the customers to confirm the lamp they decided to purchase is within their specifications. Components: The light source shines onto or through the sample. The sample transmits or reflects light. The detector detects how much light was reflected from or transmitted through the sample. The detector then converts how much light the sample transmitted or reflected into a number. CONCLUSION In this topic which is infrared spectrophotometry I have introduced what is spectrophotometry. And it is used in a device called spectrophotometer which is explained in the above thesis. Followed on single beam spectrophotometer is also explained with its design working. Spectrophotometry is generally of two types UV IR spectrophotometry, UV spectrophotometry is explained in short but IR spectrophotometry is explained briefly. The word INFRARED is explained i.e. what it means, infrared region is explained in EM radiation. In EM spectrum there comes a topic infrared spectroscopy which is explained briefly with its background theory. Its preparation of sample followed by conventional method of it. There is other phenomenon called FITR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy) is a measurement technique for collecting infrared spectra. FTIR spectrometers are cheaper than conventional spectrometers. Uses application is also explained in the above thesis. At last but not the least its use in organic is explained. The idea of Spectroradiometers is also given, which operate almost like the visible region spectrophotometers. This is end of the conclusion of my thesis infrared spectrophotometry.

Guava Extract Soap Essay

Significance In finding a cure for the said problem, we conducted a research and we found out that there are natural compounds that can contribute in treating these kinds of problem. Natural compounds that are used for making soap are more appropriate than chemical-based products. I. Introduction II. Abstract III. Statement of the Problem This study determined the effectivity and practically of 4 Season Fruits in making a homemade facial soap. It sought to answer the following questions: IV. Hypothesis The researchers hypothesize that the product, Four seasons soap, can be a viable alternative to the ordinary facial soap in treating different types of skin problems including acne and pimples due to its â€Å"4 seasons† fruits component. â€Å"Effectiveness of 4 Season Fruits as a treatment for pimples and acne.† Sacred Heart Catholic School of Cainta Investigatory Project Nowadays, having pimples and acne is a common problem for teenagers and adults aside from growing of their facial hair, eye bags and the like. This is due to exposure from dirt, dust, pollution and many agents that can produce skin reaction and form pimples and acne. These natural ingredients namely: Pineapple ( (Ananas Comosus), Mango (Mangifera Indica), Guava (Psidium Guajava) and Orange (Citrus Sinensis) (commonly called as 4 Seasons). These fruits have healthy benefits for the skin and some of their common effect are for treating pimples and acne. Is the component of the 4 Seasons soap is effective as an alternative treatment for skin problems? Is it an effective treatment for pimples and acne? What are the possible effects of 4 Seasons soap for the skin? Since it is a homemade soap, Is it possible that an individual can create soap just like this easily and safely? Our investigatory project focused in different benefits that can heal skin problems due to daily exposure to pollution, dust and other agents that can contribute to similar skin problems. These fruits have healthy benefits for the skin and some of their common effect is for treating pimples and acne. We researchers have guessed that the 4 seasons fruits are effective in treating pimples and acne because it contains Vitamin C which has antioxidant properties. But since it is a homemade soap, is it possible that an individual can create soap just like this easily? The possible effects of the 4 seasons soap are: Cleansing,  Moisturizing, Exfoliating and Clearing pimples and pimple marks. The researchers believed that because of the most of the components can be found at home, It is possible that any individual can make their 4 seasons soap easily and safely if they just follow the steps carefully and faithfully. To recognize all the healthy benefits of each of the four seasons for the skin. To determine if the 4 season soap is an effective antioxidant and its anti-aging properties. VII. METHODOLOGY MATERIALS: PROCEDURES: VI. Scope and Limitation Scope The study was conducted to reveal some of the advantages and disadvantages of the 4 season fruits for making soap as treatment for some major skin problems. The study aims to prove that not all chemical-based soaps are used in treating pimples and acne. The study concentrates on how fruits( Pineapple, Mango, Orange and Guava) can benefit human skin. Limitation The study is limited in human skin problems. 3 tbsp. Oil 1/2 tbsp. Guava leaves extract 1/2 tbsp. Mango extract 1/2 tbsp. Orange extract 1/2 tbsp. Pineapple extract 1 tbsp. NaOH or Lye 3 tbsp. H2O or Water Tools Used: Bowl Soap Molder Sauce pan Spoon Stirring rod Rubber gloves Masks Plastic cups Prepare the things to be needed. First, get the extract of each fruit ( Guava, Orange, Mango & Pineapple) . Note: For the Guava, We will be using the leaves for the extract. FOR THE EXTRACT: Remove the peelings of the fruits, and then set aside. In a small pot, put the peelings of each fruit (Note: Separate the peelings of each fruit from another fruit. Don’t combine it with other fruits when getting extracts, it might have different chemical reaction). Then Add water with this amount: 10 tbsp. for peelings of 3 mangoes. 13 tbsp. for the peelings of 5 oranges. 15 tbsp. for the peelings of 2 pineapples. 15 tbsp. for the guava leaves. Prepare the stove to be used. Boil it for 10 minutes (Low Heat); Separate the skin from the extract. Put it in a clean container, let it cool and then set aside. Prepare the Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) or Lye. Put in a container. (Note: Read first the directions in using Lye. For Example: Don’t put the NaOH on aluminum containers. You must use rubber gloves and Masks in dealing with lye and with other chemical substances. Don’t play with them and Keep out of reach of children.) Put some oil (3 tbsp.) and Water (3 tbsp.). Mix it thoroughly. Put the extract of the fruits to the mixture. (1/2 tbsp.). Stir the mixture continuously in a single direction. ( Note: Make sure the mixture is viscous) Let it dry for about 2 days or more. VIII. FINDINGS & RESULTS The researchers found out that the 4 seasons fruits can help minimize pimples and pores. It can also help clear skin impurities because of the anti-oxidants that the soap contains. This research gave us a hard time because there are a lot of instances that the measurements of the ingredients would not compliment the desired results. There can also be a downside in this experiment because the soap is not intended to be used in scars because it might irritate it and it stings. IX. Conclusions The researchers therefore conclude that the 4 seasons soap can reduce pimples and other skin impurities. This is shown by the experiment that we conducted by putting various kinds of ingredients in different amounts and sizes. The experiment was successful because the researchers came up with their desired result even after several tries. This product can be a solution in the problem of many teenagers, including the researchers because of its effectiveness during our experiment. X. RECOMMENDATION The researchers recommend that the further experiments similar to this that will be performed by others must use variety of fruits and not just focus on the 4 seasons used in this experiment. It is also suggested that they test the product before producing to help decrease the chances of having skin irritations and rashes. If given a chance, the researchers suggest that they test it on animal skins that are most likely to be similar to the human skin in order to have a possible result as how it would be on the human skin. The researchers hopoe that you may have a successful study and an imporved product in the future.

Creative Advertising Campaign Assessment - 1323 Words

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Many brands choose advertising with a motive of promoting a new product or just promoting existing ones. In advertising, agencies survive on creative communication. Creativity has always been the basis for clients to justify advertising and the choice of agencies they make. Creativity can be defined as â€Å"the extent to which an ad contains brand or executional elements that are different, novel, unusual, original, unique, etc.† (Torrance’s measures) In the present highly competitive market, consumers are presented with vast range of products choicesShow MoreRelatedHow to Create a Persuasive Advertising Campaign998 Words   |  4 Pagessupport you to accomplish the best proposal for creating a persuasive advertising campaign for your organisation. 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The Hittite Civilization - 972 Words

The Hittite civilization was one of the most powerful cultures. They fought Mesopotamian rule. The Hittites were able to battle with the Egyptians for the dominance of the Middle East and win 3300 years ago. The ancient capital was called Hattusha, near present day Boghazkoy, Turkey. This city is far older than the Greek ruins found in other parts of Turkey. Much less is known about them than the Egyptians, so archeologists are very interested in them. The Hittites were thought to be the first people to use iron. Known for their double walls and fortified gateways like this one, the Lion Gate is at the Southern entrance into the capital city. It is made of limestone that was quarried locally and dates from around 1400 BCE. The lion statues flank the entrance of the site to show the power of the state and they must have seemed impressive not only due to their mass and size and their naturalistic quality. Lions symbolize protection. 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Shortly after hisRead MoreThe Responsibilities Of The Hittite Empire1673 Words   |  7 PagesThe Hittite empire is the earliest known Anatolian civilization, existing between the 15th and 13th centuries B.C. Though the Hittites are mentioned in one of the best-known ancient texts, the Bible, their existence was widely doubted and not scientifically confirmed until what remained of Hattusa, the empire’s capital city in north-central Anatolia, was discovered in 1907. In the ruins of Hattusa, archaeologists discovered more than 20,000 clay tablets (Brown) containing written accounts of theRead More Mycenaean Civilization Essay1634 Words   |  7 PagesMycenaean Civilization The Mycenaean civilization flourished for four hundred years in the late Bronze Age before collapsing in to small bands of subsistence farmers. Some historians attribute this decline to ‘the Sea People’ who terrorized the Egyptians, Anatolians and the Hittites. But could a mysterious people who left no archeological proof of their existence really bring about the collapse of entire civilizations? Mycenaean civilization is characterized by the large palace-like buildingsRead MoreExamples of Bias Aporach to History1400 Words   |  6 Pagesbeginning of civilization starting with the beginnings of even Mesopotamia, history has not only been biased but written by one type of people: the winners. Rarely in history do the winners of a war or battle not write what had happened in their single point of view. The losers are nearly always left out; theyre side is almost never heard or even known to exist. The three greatest examples of this bias approach to history are the actions of Hernà ¡n Cortes and the destruction of the Aztec civilization andRead MoreThe Old Testament And The Ancient Near East1543 Words   |  7 Pagessee glimpses of the lives of those who lived in the Ancient Near East, known as the ANE, through their stories and myths that have survived over centuries of time. Many of these stories contain unique elements that make each one personal to the civilization that they belong to, but there are common themes and ideas that are virtually shared between the traditional stories stemming from this region of the world. In fact, these parallels even extend into Old Testament literature; laced within the storiesRead MorePleas of a Desperate Queen1104 Words   |  5 PagesThe Ancient Egyptians were a civilization of great creativity and expression, but also a civilization with a very strict position on tradition, and I found them absolutely fascinating. When learning about King Tutankhamen’s mysterious legacy, I was very intrigued by the pleas that Tutankhamen’s wife Ankhesenamun wrote to the king of the Hittites after her husband’s premature death. Her letters were desperate and emotional and very powerful to read and definitely gives its readers, whether they’reRead MoreRamses: Anatomy of a Pharaoh Essay1521 Words   |  7 Pagesfulfill with only some training by his father. Ramses was able to accomplish many innovati ons that have survived to be around today. As ruler Ramses was also the leader of his army and led many battles including the famous war between the Egyptians and Hittites. Ramses created the first treaty to be written down after a war. Ramses has been known to be one of the most profound Pharaoh in history. Even though Egypt relied on Ramses II to be Pharaoh at such a young age, Egypt did not rely just on his judgmentRead MoreAncient Polytheistic Religion Compared to Judaism Essay919 Words   |  4 Pagesliving today. Judaism was a monotheistic religion of the Jews having its spiritual and ethical ideas embodied mainly in the Torah and the Talmud. The Torah and the Talmud are part of the sacred book of the Jews which is the bible. The first civilization appeared to have arisen in Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia was founded by a group of people called the Sumerians during the fourth millennium B.C.E. It lies in the Tigris-Euphrates Valley. The Sumerians and their successors were polytheistic which meansRead More Contributions of Ancient Civilizations Essay820 Words   |  4 Pagesdeveloped, progressed, and eventually formed civilizations. A civilization is a community characterized by elements such as a system of writing, a development of social classes, and cities. Early civilizations such as ancient Greece, classical Rome, Mesopotamia, and classical China have made many contributions to society that still affect people in the modern world. The inventions, progress, and contributions of the people of these ancient civilizations and others have shaped the world that we all